| This review summarizes recent advances in enzyme immobilization technology. It focuses on carrier material innovations and applications in traditional immobilization methods (adsorption, cross-linking, entrapment, and covalent binding), as well as the mechanisms and advantages of novel immobilization strategies (composite immobilization, co-immobilization, in-situ immobilization, smart responsive immobilization, bioorthogonal immobilization, and nanomaterial immobilization). It also discusses the basic research achievements and industrialization potential of immobilized enzymes in fields such as food processing, pharmaceutical research and development, and biocatalysis. Optimization directions are proposed to address challenges such as enzyme activity loss and substrate mass transfer resistance, providing theoretical reference for industrial applications of immobilized enzyme technology. |